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The results show consistent support for a positive relation between more autonomous forms of motivation and exercise, with a trend towards identified regulation predicting initial/short-term adoption more strongly than intrinsic motivation, and intrinsic motivation being more predictive of long-term exercise adherence. Findings are summarized based on quantitative analysis of the evidence. In all studies, actual or self-reported exercise/physical activity, including attendance, was analyzed as the dependent variable. We also studied SDT-based interventions aimed at increasing exercise behavior.
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This systematic review includes 66 empirical studies published up to June 2011, including experimental, cross-sectional, and prospective studies that have measured exercise causality orientations, autonomy/need support and need satisfaction, exercise motives (or goal contents), and exercise self-regulations and motivation. Aiming at a more comprehensive review of empirical data, this article examines the empirical literature on the relations between key SDT-based constructs and exercise and physical activity behavioral outcomes. Previous reviews have been mostly narrative and theoretical. Accordingly, research on exercise motivation from the perspective of self-determination theory (SDT) has grown considerably in recent years. Motivation is a critical factor in supporting sustained exercise, which in turn is associated with important health outcomes.